Purpose

To propose a dual-engine model of cellular energy production, leveraging ketone bodies for sustained baseline energy and glucose for rapid boosts during high demand.

Methods

The paper reviews metabolic pathways and draws analogies to mechanical engines, characterizing ketones as a “basic engine” due to their stable ATP yield and lower ROS generation, and glucose as a “booster engine” for its high power but inefficient energy output under stress.

Results

Ketone metabolism—primarily through BHB and acetoacetate—offers high ATP efficiency, reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS), and improved mitochondrial function. In contrast, glucose metabolism rapidly spikes energy production but increases ROS and metabolic strain when overused. The authors advocate for energy strategies that favor ketones to support cellular longevity and reduce age-related mitochondrial dysfunction.

Conclusion

A ketone-centric energy system may enhance mitochondrial health, reduce oxidative stress, and improve metabolic resilience. This dual-engine framework supports ketone therapy as a foundational approach for optimizing energy metabolism in health and disease.